Allies of President Vladimir Putin, arriving on private jets and yachts, are still welcome in the U.A.E.
How a Playground for the Rich Could Undermine Sanctions on Oligarchs - The New York Times
March 9, 2022 - Updated 4:31 p.m. ET
Stretching into the Persian Gulf from the beaches and skyscrapers of Dubai is a man-made archipelago in the shape of a vast palm tree, its branchlike rows of islands lined with luxury hotels, apartments and villas.
Since the invasion of Ukraine, much of the world has imposed sweeping sanctions on Russian financial institutions and the circle around Mr. Putin, and even notoriously secretive banking centers like Switzerland, Monaco and the Cayman Islands have begun to cooperate with the freezing of accounts, seizing of mansions and impounding of yachts.
But not Dubai, the cosmopolitan resort and financial center in the United Arab Emirates. Although a close partner to Washington in Middle Eastern security matters, the oil-rich monarchy has in recent years also become a popular playground for the Russian rich, in part because of its reputation for asking few questions about the sources of foreign money. Now the Emirates may undercut some of the penalties on Russia by continuing to welcome targeted oligarchs.
"Sanctions are only as strong as the weakest link," said Adam M. Smith, a lawyer and former adviser to the U.S. Treasury Department office that administers such measures. "Any financial center that is willing to do business when others are not could provide a leak in the dike and undermine the overall measures."
The Emirati stance is exposing tensions between the United States and several of its closest Arab allies over their reluctance to oppose the Russian invasion. Asked for solidarity in a moment of crisis, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Egypt have instead prioritized relations with Moscow — the Emirates and Saudi Arabia by rebuffing American pleas for increased oil supplies to soothe energy markets, Egypt by muffling criticism of the invasion while proceeding with a $25 billion loan from Russia to finance a nuclear power plant.
"It should be a clarifying moment," said Michael Hanna, U.S. program director for the nonprofit International Crisis Group. "That has to be pretty bracing."
The U.A.E. may be the most conspicuous in its position, if only because it currently holds a rotating seat on the United Nations Security Council. The Emiratis abstained from an American-backed resolution denouncing the invasion, declining to criticize Russia. And Emirati officials have reassured Russians that their authorities will not enforce sanctions unless mandated by the United Nations — where Moscow's veto ensures against it.
"If we are not violating any international laws, then nobody should blame Dubai, or the U.A.E., or any other country for trying to accommodate whoever comes in a legitimate way," said Abdulkhaleq Abdulla, a political analyst close to the U.A.E.'s rulers. "So what's the big deal? I don't see why the West would complain."
Russians in Dubai say they appreciate the hospitality. "Having a Russian passport or Russian money now is very toxic — no one wants to accept you, except places like Dubai," said a Russian businessman who took refuge there, speaking on the condition of anonymity for fear of alienating Emirati authorities. "There's no issue with being a Russian in Dubai."
He shared an electronic invitation circulating among Russians in the city: a rooftop cocktail party for venture capitalists and cryptocurrency start-ups. (The Treasury Department on Monday warned banks to watch for Russians using cryptocurrency to evade sanctions.)
An Arab businessman who rents high-end furnished apartments in Dubai described "incredible demand" from Russians since the invasion, with one family taking an indefinite lease on a three-bedroom waterfront apartment for $15,000 a month and more than 50 other individuals or families seeking accommodations.
The Center for Advanced Defense Studies, a Washington-based nonprofit that collects data on global conflicts, found that Putin allies owned at least 76 properties in Dubai, either directly or under the name of a close relative, and said that there were likely many others who could not be identified.
The center's list of those under sanctions includes: Aleksandr Borodai, a Duma member who acted as prime minister of a Ukrainian province in 2014 when it was taken over by Russian-backed separatists; Bekkhan Agaev, a Duma member whose family owns a petroleum company; and Aliaksey Aleksin, the Belarusian tobacco titan. A handful of oligarchs on the list own homes valued at more than $25 million each.
Maritime records show that in recent days the yacht belonging to the sanctioned oligarch Andrei Skoch, a steel magnate and Duma member, has been moored off Dubai.
A Bombardier business jet owned by Arkady Rotenberg, another Russian billionaire under sanctions, landed on Friday, and the planes and boats of other oligarchs discussed as possible targets have been coming and going, too. The yachts of at least three other oligarchs are currently docked in Dubai. The 220-foot vessel of a Russian metals magnate appears to be en route from the Seychelles. The Boeing 787 Dreamliner owned by Roman Abramovich, the Russian-born owner of Britain's Chelsea soccer team, took off from the airport on Friday. A 460-foot superyacht belonging to another oligarch set sail the same day; he was added to Europe's sanctions list on Wednesday.
Moscow has been quietly building closer ties to the U.A.E. and other Western-leaning Arab states for a decade, seeking to capitalize on complaints about Washington.
The autocrats who dominate the region were outraged by Washington's statements of support for the Arab uprisings in 2011. The Arab monarchs of the Persian Gulf cried betrayal at the Obama administration's deal with their adversary Iran over its nuclear program. Their frustration only grew when the Trump administration did nothing to retaliate for a series of apparent Iranian attacks against them.
Now people close to those rulers say that their neutral responses to the invasion of Ukraine should teach Washington not to take them for granted.
"The automatic expectation in D.C. is that 'you Saudis now must jump on the bandwagon and isolate Russia as we have,'" said Ali Shihabi, a Saudi political analyst close to the royal court, but the kingdom cannot "burn" its relationship with Russia just to please the White House.
"Our relationship is there with the Americans," he added, "but it is not going to be a monogamous relationship because the Americans are unreliable."
Others noted that the Kremlin had overlooked human rights abuses that Washington often criticized, and that relations with an alternative power gave the Arab states more leverage. "It's useful for Arab countries to take this stance," said Mustapha Al-Sayyid, a political science professor at Cairo University.
Russia has sold weapons to all three countries, and a few Saudi military officers have begun training in Russia. Egypt and the U.A.E. have cooperated with Russia for several years in Libya, where all three have backed the same strongman in Eastern Libya in his conflict with the U.N.-backed government. Egypt provided bases near the border, the U.A.E. sent fighter planes and Russia deployed mercenaries.
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed, the de facto ruler of the United Arab Emirates, visited Moscow at least six times between 2013 and 2018. When Mr. Putin visited the Emirati capital, Abu Dhabi, the next year, the city lit up landmarks in Russian colors and repainted its police cars with Russian banners and Cyrillic script.
Other entanglements bind their interests too, including the ongoing civil war in Yemen pitting partisans backed by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates against others favored by Iran.
During a U.N. Security Council session last week, Russia unexpectedly supported an Emirati resolution to label the Iranian-backed fighters "terrorists." Analysts sympathetic to the U.A.E. argued that it had won Moscow's backing in part by abstaining from the resolution denouncing the Ukraine invasion.
Russia, though, has also used financial ties to pull the Gulf Arabs closer, partly through its state-controlled Russian Direct Investment Fund and its chief executive, Kirill Dmitriev, who last week was added to the sanctions list.
Created in 2011 to lure foreign capital to invest in Russia in partnership with its government, the fund initially courted Wall Street. Mr. Dmitriev, a Russian with degrees from Stanford University and the Harvard Business School, had once worked at a U.S. government-sponsored fund to invest in the former Soviet Union. For the Russian fund, he recruited an advisory board that included Stephen Schwarzman of the Blackstone Group and Leon Black of Apollo Global Management.
But the American financiers and money fled when Russia invaded Crimea in 2014. So Mr. Dmitriev turned east — securing investments worth more than $5 billion from the U.A.E. and more than $10 billion from Saudi Arabia. He also acted as an informal Russian envoy to the Gulf monarchs, talking foreign policy as well as money.
Mr. Dmitriev's double role became especially clear after the 2016 U.S. presidential election. The Mueller report on Russian interference in the vote detailed how he had worked with Emirati leaders to try to connect on behalf of the Kremlin with those around Donald J. Trump — eventually preparing a short plan for "reconciliation" with Russia and getting it into the hands of Jared Kushner, the former president's son-in-law and adviser, who shared it with top White House officials.
Rich Russians, though, have reasons other than geopolitics to buy property in Dubai. The sheikhs who ruled the city-state have long sought to attract business by allowing a high degree of secrecy about asset ownership and by sharing only limited information with other jurisdictions, said MaÃra Martini, a researcher with Transparency International, which campaigns against corruption.
"Dubai has been a key player in most of the big corruption or money-laundering schemes in recent years," she said, citing recent scandals involving Russian businessmen, the daughter of Angola's former president, top Namibian fishing regulators and South Africa's Gupta family.
Citing such failings, the Financial Action Task Force, an influential money-laundering watchdog, on Friday put the United Arab Emirates on its "gray" list.
A thriving colony of Russians in Dubai has made it a welcoming alternative to oligarch gathering spots like London's Kensington neighborhood or the French Riviera. The Russian Business Council, a Dubai-based nonprofit, estimates that there are about 3,000 Russian-owned Emirati companies. The Russian embassy in the United Arab Emirates has said that about 100,000 Russian-speakers live in the country. About a million Russians visit each year. A Russian broadcaster, Tatiana Vishnevskaya, has built a career out of promoting life and commerce in Dubai. New real estate developments pop up "like mushrooms on a sunny day after the rain," she recently told a tourism industry website.
A Russian company, the Bulldozer Group, owns a dozen upscale restaurants and nightclubs in Dubai, including the local Cipriani outpost. Caviar Kaspia, a French-Russian night spot, boasts of the "largest Vodka selection in Dubai."
As in the current campaign against Russia, Dubai resisted earlier American-led sanctions against Iran, starting in 2006. Although the United Arab Emirates and Iran are opponents in regional politics, Dubai and Iran sit a short boat ride away across the Strait of Hormuz, and share trade and family ties going back centuries.
But after six years, pressure from Washington and the emirate of Abu Dhabi forced greater compliance on sanctions from Dubai's big financial institutions, said Esfandyar Batmanghelidj, an economist at the European Council on Foreign Relations. Yet since 2019, when Abu Dhabi began reopening diplomatic contacts with Tehran, Emirati trade with Iran has quietly risen again, he said.
"They can calibrate it and turn it up and down," Mr. Batmanghelidj added.
Emirati officials, seeking to get off the money-laundering "gray" list, are already pledging new transparency measures. Those steps could also limit the ability of sanctioned oligarchs to hide assets or move money in Dubai.
Cutting some Russian institutions off the international system for electronic bank transfers, called SWIFT, has already made it harder for them to do business with Dubai. And if Washington threatens to restrict Emirati access to the American financial system — as during the early years of the Iran sanctions — that could motivate the Emiratis to cooperate more.
Still, Washington often weighs its partnerships in military and intelligence matters against other priorities, including the enforcement of sanctions.
"The question," said David H. Laufman, a lawyer who previously worked as a senior official in the national security division of the Justice Department, "is going to be how hard the Biden administration leans on the U.A.E. to get with the program."
Sarah Hurtes contributed reporting.
See the whole article here: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/us/russian-oligarchs-sanctions-dubai.html?smtyp=cur&smid=tw-nytimes
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